Beam sources - adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86A

 
The second field of use of negative ion sources appeared in the early 1970s in relation with the projects of magnetic fusion. Berkner et al. 8 reported that the acceleration of negative deuterium ions (D −) was the only possible way to achieve efficient neutral beam injection (NBI) into fusion devices with the beam energy exceeding 100 keV per nucleon (see also Ref. 9).. Integrated marketing communications jobs

Among them, electron beam source also called magnetron injection gun (MIG) is the generator of electron beam and it is very essential that MIG should produce and provide electron beam suitable for the beam-wave interaction at the interaction structure for the effective power growth. The paper presents the introduction of a microwave tube ...Optical Sources - Beam Source - Physics and Applications. Sorry for the inconvenience. The video you are looking for can be accessed from the FDTD Learning Track on Ansys Innovation Courses (AIC). This page will be deleted by the end of October 2023. Sorry for the inconvenience.This unique method has been extensively tested and used for serial-production. The decisive step was to use laser sources with brilliant beam quality in combination with a high frequency beam oscillation within the melt pool. In this paper, the technological approach will be presented.Aug 5, 2022 · Source Function: Explanation: Examples: Common Locations : Background: Factual and noncontroversial information, providing context: Encyclopedia articles, overviews ... BEAM stands for: Background, Exhibit, Argument, Method. Background: using a source to provide general information to explain the topic. For example, the use of a Wikipedia page on the Pledge of Allegiance to explain the relevant court cases and changes the Pledge …A pair of plasma beam sources are connected across an AC power supply to alternatively produce an ion beam for depositing material on a substrate transported past the ion beams. Each plasma beam source includes a discharge cavity having a first width and a nozzle extending outwardly therefrom to emit the ion beam. The aperture or outlet of the nozzle …The Model 298 electron beam sources has crucible pocket sizes up to 16x 100cc and a trough of 2880cc. Available in 10Kw or 15Kw versions, with Arc-Suppression available as an option. Please contact Telemark with your ebeam source requirements for model and configuration assistance. Features.For multi-beam operation the standard source module (dashed rectangle in Fig. 2) is replaced by multi-beam source module. The multi-beam source needs to be coupled to the column with a coupling lens that also accelerates the beam to the required final energy. This is the field lens that was discussed in the previous paragraph.It's getting darker sooner, and that means more and more bicycle enthusiasts are spending their rides in little-to-no light. Try whipping up a pair of these hi-low beam headlights to keep the world around you bright at night. It's getting d...May 28, 2020 · High-current pulsed electron beam sources are the core components of high-power microwave systems. In order to meet the requirements of future applications, one needs to improve the performance of ... This translates into well over 1000 hours of beam production time. The lifetime of a cathode is highly dependent on the sputter rates. However, the source is designed to allow the change of a cathode without turning the source off. In Pelletron® systems, it is common to change a cathode within 10 minutes from beam on target to beam on target.The source is placed in a beam tube at the Research Reactor Munich at Garching. From first experimental data, we can extrapolate an intensity of 2 × 108 slow positrons per second and a spot size ...Health tech investors are getting selective. Expect slow growth, consolidation. V enture firms backing health tech startups are telegraphing cautious optimism for 2024, advising startups to expect ...1. Introduction. There is an increasing demand for high-brightness, high current continuous wave (CW) electron beams for the use in X-ray light sources [1], [2], [3].Next generation Energy Recovery Linac light sources require average CW currents of ∼ 100 mA with an emittance of only a few microns [4], [5], [6], while X-ray Free Electron …Both beam sources are separated from the interaction region by 2 mm diameter skimmers (Beam Dynamics, model 2) that are mounted at a distance of 87 mm from the interaction region. This configuration allows a direct comparison between the conventional beam pulses and the pulses that emerge from the decelerator.The source is placed in a beam tube at the Research Reactor Munich at Garching. From first experimental data, we can extrapolate an intensity of 2 × 108 slow positrons per second and a spot size ...A electron beam source with the Arc Free option is ideal for many applications, such as for optical coating and for ion plating without a pressure barrier. The reduction in arcing results in improved film quality, improved yields, and fewer arc-related maintenance issues. Arc Free is available as an optional feature for most Telemark production ... Recent developments in the optics industry require high-precision manufacturing processes. One versatile tool for pattern transfer of gratings from a photoresist mask into a hard optical material (e.g., fused silica, silicon or other oxide glasses) is reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) with broad beam ion sources. 1–4 Further …production are presented. Then a selection of positive ion source types is described which are relevant for accelerator application, beginning with low-charge-state high-current sources up to highly-charged ion sources. This is followed by a brief review of negative ion sources, and finally some basic remarks on beam extraction and formation. 1.When builders want to create something sturdy and attractive, like a bridge that spans a large river or a tall skyscraper, they must rely on structural steel. Made up mostly of beams, structural steel comes in dozens of standard beam sizes....The ions can be recombined by electrons from an electron gun, so that only neutral particles impact the substrate surface. An alternative to ion beam etching is plasma beam etching. The plasma beam sources supply a quasi-neutral plasma beam in the low energy range (\(<150\,\mathrm{\mathrm{e\kern-0.7ptV}}\)). If we use reactive gases for plasma ...Mar 24, 2016 · For the present, it is instructive to discuss a rough estimate of what the current could be by considering the flux of atoms that can generally be produced by an atomic beam source, as this will impose an absolute maximum on the current. Typically, an atomic beam can produce atoms at a rate of 10 9 s −1 to 10 10 s −1. Assuming 100% ... Secondary ion mass spectrometry. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze compositions of thin films and surfaces by using a focused primary ion beam to sputter the surface of a sample and analyze the ejected secondary ions. SIMS is a qualitative technique nominally but, if combined with standards, can be considered ...Fraunhofer ILT covers the entire spectrum of laser beam sources from diode lasers, to fiber lasers all the way to solid-state lasers. In particular, the institute …Nov 5, 2019 · Sources of electrons. Nothing is more essential to the electron microscope than the electron beam, but all electron sources are not made alike. Understanding their basic function, as well as their respective benefits and drawbacks, is critical for choosing the ideal instrument for your experiments. These new fourth generation light sources will have extremely high fields and short wavelengths (∼0.1 nm) with peak spectral brightnesses 10 10 greater than third generation sources. Further, the high intensity upgrade of the GSI accelerator facilities will lead to specific energy depositions up to 200 kJ/g and temperatures between 1 and 10 ...Mar 29, 2018 · A high brightness electron beam is affected by statistical Coulomb interactions (Supplementary Note 3), leading to a radial broadening of the virtual source size due to lateral interactions which ... Oct 24, 2022 · Electron Ionization Sources (gas phase/hard source) The electron ionization (EI) source, also known as an electron impact source, uses a beam of energetic electrons to ionize the analyte. As shown in 20.2. 1, the sample is volatilized prior to entering the ion source as gas phase molecules, M ( g ). A heated tungsten filament is used to ... Jan 1, 1989 · General description. Most broad-beam ion sources used in thin-film applications are gridded, that is, the ions are accelerated by the electric field established between ion-optics grids. The schematic diagram of a gridded ion source and its controller is shown in Figure 1. A cutaway sketch of a gridded, broad-beam ion source is shown in Figure 2. Telemark tetrode tube electron beam source (ebeam gun) power supplies offer users rugged, time tested technology for powering your electron beam sources. There are specific benefits to tetrode tube technology such as on site serviceability, fast arc-suppression and low ripple. Output up to 20kW is available and multiple source operation (up to ...BaF beams have also been created using cryogenic buffer gas sources, resulting in beams with higher intensities in comparison with the beams from supersonic sources but with lower average velocity and larger velocity spread. 50,51 A total of 3 × 10 11 molecules per pulse have been produced for a beam of ThO molecules from a cryogenic source in ...Telemark ion beam sources have been designed to provide superior Gridless End-Hall ion beam source performance across large and small substrates. Telemark technology offers low pressure operation (10^-5 mbar) for longer mean free path and higher ion energies than traditional End Hall sources. The source design is extremely low maintenance with ...The Iron Beam system is widely thought to still be in development and is at least one year away from being ... Our fact-check sources: Daniel Gonzalez, Oct. 18, Email exchange with USA TODAY; ...April 1, 2008. Created by an anonymous user. Imported from Scriblio MARC record . Operation of broad-beam sources by Harold R. Kaufman, 1987, Commonwealth Scientific Corp. edition, in English.Writing with BEAM The best academic papers are generally those that analyze specific exhibits in order to further conversations embodied in specific constellations of argument sources. If you start with an exhibit, look for argument sources to engage; if you start with argument sources, look for exhibits to interpret. Bizup, J. (2008).Model 244/264/273/274/294 E-beam Source. Model 246/266/276/296 E-beam Source. Telemark offers the largest selection of small R and D multi-pocket electron beam sources on the market. Pocket sizes of 2cc, 4cc and 7cc are available. Vacuum compatibility of 10 -7 torr and utilizing 270⁰ beam deflection, the Telemark sources are state-of-the-art ...By engaging sources through the rhetorical vocabulary of BEAM/BEAT, students learn not just to label their materials to fit what might seem to them a set of arbitrary requirements (assignments that call, say, for a particular number of peer-reviewed sources or of “primary” or “secondary” sources), but rather to think about how sources work and how they as writers can use their sources ... 20 Nov 2022 ... Abstract By applying a virtual source method, the exact and the paraxial solutions of the Swallowtail beams (SBs) that are governed by the ...11 Agu 2020 ... Adapted from Joseph Bizup (2008). “BEAM: A Rhetorical Vocabulary for Teaching Research-Based Writing,” Rhetoric Review, 27:1, 72-86, ...Most of these instruments are characterized by a source region in which the intensity, energy, and orientation of the primary beam (relative to the sample) are controlled. Ions generated by this process form the secondary beam and are subsequently transmitted within a continuous high vacuum environment to a mass spectrometer.Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Dieter Hoffmann. Head of Department Laser and Optical Systems. Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT. Steinbachstr. 15. 52074 Aachen. Phone +49 241 8906-206. Send email. Innovative laser beam sources with tailored spatial, temporal and spectral properties as well as output powers.The Hydrogen Atom Beam Source HABS is a thermal gas cracker that produces an absolutely ion-free hydrogen gas beam, thus avoiding ion induced damage to the substrate. In comparison to hydrogen sources based on electron bombardment heating the HABS is heated by a DC operated tungsten filament. The source was developed and completely ...Laser beam welding of metals has progressed dramatically over the last years mainly arising from joining applications in the field of electromobility. Allowing the flexible, automated manufacturing of mechanically, electrically, and thermally stressed components, the process is more frequently applied for joining highly reflective materials, for example for battery tab and busbar connections ...For a Quote, Call 1-970-663-6988 or Email [email protected]. Part Number: 12RF08. Description: 12 cm RF Ion Beam Source. Options: Grid assembly. Choose an option 504149C - Molybdenum 3 grid 130 cm focal point convergent 504391A - Molybdenum 3 grid 130 cm focal point convergent 8 cm 505790A - Titanium 3 grid 130 cm focal point ... In this paper we report on the further progress of fiber coupled high power diode lasers in the visible spectral range with regard to beam quality and spectral characteristics. Improved beam shaping concepts allow coupling of red and blue diode lasers into smaller fibers. For medical applications beam sources with narrow …The beam profile, on the other hand, deteriorates with increasing backing pressure because of the increase in gas–wall and gas–gas collisions in the intermediate “opaque” flow regime where the mean free path of the gas, λ, is larger than the diameter of the capillaries, δ, but smaller than the length of the tubes, L. As λ approaches ...High-current pulsed electron beam sources are the core components of high-power microwave systems. In order to meet the requirements of future applications, one needs to improve the performance of electron beam sources in terms of vacuum insulation, beam transportation, and thermal management. In this paper, we report about our recent progress in the development of high-current vacuum electron ...The main source of natural light on Earth is the Sun. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, ... A rotating cog wheel was placed in the path of the light beam as it traveled from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its origin. Fizeau found that at a certain rate of rotation, the beam would pass ...Dec 1, 2011 · Among them, gyrotron has proven to be an efficient source for radio frequency (RF) generation at high power level and up to very high frequency. The gyrotron consists of several components like electron beam source, interaction structure, quasi-optical launcher, collector, RF window, magnet system, etc. Telemark ion beam sources have been designed to provide superior Gridless End-Hall ion beam source performance across large and small substrates. Telemark technology offers low pressure operation (10^-5 mbar) for longer mean free path and higher ion energies than traditional End Hall sources. The source design is extremely low maintenance with ... Exhibit Sources. Materials a writer is interpreting or analyzing. Used to provide an example of or give evidence for a claim. Depending on your topic and discipline, exhibit materials can be a novel, a data set, an interview, experimental results, a diary, scholarly books or articles, and much more. Ex.This unique method has been extensively tested and used for serial-production. The decisive step was to use laser sources with brilliant beam quality in combination with a high frequency beam oscillation within the melt pool. In this paper, the technological approach will be presented.11 Mei 2019 ... For thermionic sources the Wehnelt cylinder focuses the electrons as they flow toward the anode. In a field emission source, the first anode ...Telemark offers 26 different models of e-beam sources, each with many crucibles options. This decision tree can help you find the right source for your situation. Telemark E-beam Source Model Decision Tree. R and D Multi-Pocket E-Beam Sources. Small R and D multi-pocket E-beam sources provide pocket sizes of 2cc, 4cc and 7cc in a compact footprint. BEAM announces a restructuring and portfolio reprioritization plan to focus on genome-editing candidate, BEAM-101. The company is set to reduce its workforce by …Abstract and Figures. This paper compares different photocathodes that are applicable for electron injector systems and summarizes the most important photocathode properties influencing the ...Small and large industry stakeholders have growing need for center’s sterilization, pasteurization services The National Center for Electron Beam Research at Texas A&M University in College Station is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy to reduce the risk of nuclear and radiological terrorism. The center is the leading academic and research facility in theNov 5, 2019 · Sources of electrons. Nothing is more essential to the electron microscope than the electron beam, but all electron sources are not made alike. Understanding their basic function, as well as their respective benefits and drawbacks, is critical for choosing the ideal instrument for your experiments. Abstract and Figures. Starting from key ultrasound imaging features such as spatial and temporal resolution, contrast, penetration depth, array aperture, and field-of-view (FOV) size, the reader ...Electron Beam Sources Although the emphasis for the last several decades has been on solid state source development, electron beam devices have played an important role in THz spectroscopy.The developments in broad‐beam ion source technology described in the companion paper (Part I) have stimulated a rapid expansion in applications to materials processing. These applications are reviewed here, beginning with a summary of sputtering mechanisms. Next, etching applications are described, including microfabrication and reactive ion beam …In essence, an ion beam source is a plasma source having a set of grids that enable extraction of a stream of ions. The three main parts of the ion beam source are the discharge chamber, the grids and the neutraliser. Ion production is done in the discharge chamber by subjecting a gas like argon to an RF field.Any source that has NumberOfHIstoriesInRun greater than zero will contribute primary particles. The beam is emitted along the Z axis of the beam’s Component and may have some spread along the X and Y axes. For Type = "Beam", the beam shape can be further described by a set of parameters that control the position distribution of the start of ...Health tech investors are getting selective. Expect slow growth, consolidation. V enture firms backing health tech startups are telegraphing cautious optimism for 2024, advising startups to expect ...What is BEAM? A method for classifying the function of a source in supporting an argument made in a piece of writing. Understanding the source's function can help you determine if a source is reliable in a particular context. For example, when faculty say that only scholarly or peer-reviewed are acceptable for an assignment, they often …Dec 5, 2022 · During the measurement of ion beam profiles, the ring cusp ion source is operated with discharge currents ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 A and filament currents ranging from 15 to 20 A. The ion beam is characterized using a parallel wire array and Faraday cups for ion beam currents ranging from 20 to 90 mA and energies ranging from 850 to 1650 eV. The main source of natural light on Earth is the Sun. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, ... A rotating cog wheel was placed in the path of the light beam as it traveled from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its origin. Fizeau found that at a certain rate of rotation, the beam would pass ...Accelerator-based light sources get a boost. The structure of matter can be explored using the light emitted by particle accelerators. An experiment demonstrates how the properties of two such ...Beam Resources General Trading Ltd. Khalifa Industrial Zone, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates M: +971 50 6596721/+971 524221509 Email: [email protected] Model 244/264/273/274/294 Electron Beam Source Instruction Manual 3 WARRANTY This Electron Beam Source is guaranteed against faulty materials, function, and workmanship for a period of 12 months after delivery from Telemark. This warranty is valid only for normal use where regular maintenance is performed as instructed.production are presented. Then a selection of positive ion source types is described which are relevant for accelerator application, beginning with low-charge-state high-current sources up to highly-charged ion sources. This is followed by a brief review of negative ion sources, and finally some basic remarks on beam extraction and formation. 1.Source Functions (BEAM) BEAM model (Joseph Bizup) A source may serve more than one function . For instance, a journal article could include background information, exhibits, argument and method. However, some sources are focused on a single function.High-current pulsed electron beam sources are the core components of high-power microwave systems. In order to meet the requirements of future applications, one needs to improve the performance of electron beam sources in terms of vacuum insulation, beam transportation, and thermal management. In this paper, we report about our recent progress in …Mar 29, 2018 · A high brightness electron beam is affected by statistical Coulomb interactions (Supplementary Note 3), leading to a radial broadening of the virtual source size due to lateral interactions which ... Sep 29, 2023 · What is BEAM? A method for classifying the function of a source in supporting an argument made in a piece of writing. Understanding the source's function can help you determine if a source is reliable in a particular context. For example, when faculty say that only scholarly or peer-reviewed are acceptable for an assignment, they often mean ... Dec 5, 2022 · During the measurement of ion beam profiles, the ring cusp ion source is operated with discharge currents ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 A and filament currents ranging from 15 to 20 A. The ion beam is characterized using a parallel wire array and Faraday cups for ion beam currents ranging from 20 to 90 mA and energies ranging from 850 to 1650 eV. New methods of beam shaping and adjustable intensity profiles using two layer fibers create a center and ring spot, which is the newest state of the art in fiber laser beam sources.Most industries use structural steel beams to build their structures due to their strength, ease of construction and durability. The cost of structural steel beams varies depending on their size and shape.Giant negative ion sources for neutral beam injectors deliver huge negative ion currents, thanks to their multi-beamlet configuration. As the single-beamlet optics defines the transmission losses along the beamline, the extraction of a similar current for all beamlets is extremely desirable, in order to facilitate the beam source operation (i.e., around perveance match).8 Nov 2019 ... Synchrotrons like the Advanced Light Source at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) allow scientists ...The beam of a boat is the measurement of its width at its widest point. Many ship designs have a constant beam measurement that runs most of the length of the vessel, while others may have a more pronounced taper.Four types of beam sources were tested: A single capillary, a crinkly foil stack, an electron‐beam milled quartz membrane, and two sources constructed by fiber optics techniques. The leak rates of the sources were compared to the predictions of Knudsen flow. The angular distributions were characterized by a ``peaking factor,'' …The Iron Beam system is widely thought to still be in development and is at least one year away from being ... Our fact-check sources: Daniel Gonzalez, Oct. 18, Email exchange with USA TODAY; ...BEAM is an open-source, modular software framework that enables efficient, scalable simulation of regional transportation systems. It allows transportation planners and service providers to simulate traveler behavior and technology deployment to understand congestion, energy, and emission implications of novel mobility technologies and services ...Feb 24, 2021 · The 1.25 meV 113 MHz QW SRF gun, located at Interaction Region 2 of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), has been designed and built as the CW electron beam source for the Coherent electron ... For a Quote, Call 1-970-663-6988 or Email [email protected]. Part Number: 12RF08. Description: 12 cm RF Ion Beam Source. Options: Grid assembly. Choose an option 504149C - Molybdenum 3 grid 130 cm focal point convergent 504391A - Molybdenum 3 grid 130 cm focal point convergent 8 cm 505790A - Titanium 3 grid 130 cm focal point ... Aug 5, 2022 · Source Function: Explanation: Examples: Common Locations : Background: Factual and noncontroversial information, providing context: Encyclopedia articles, overviews ... Developed by Joseph Bizup , the BEAM method encourages students to think about sources in terms of the function rather than common features. It asks students to think about how writers use sources in writing. BEAM describes 4 ways that sources can be used. Students can be asked to try to use sources in each of the 4 ways, but requirements can ...Choose TRUMPF for your beam sources, system solutions, beam guidance components, focusing optics, and intelligent sensor systems – all from a single source.The approach presented in this paper can be applied to generate other structured beam sources in FDTD, which provides an access to solve structured beam scattering by complex particles using FDTD. Published in: 2018 12th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE) ...

Jan 13, 2020 · Watch on. BEAM is a framework for discussing the usefulness of different types resources. Developed by Joseph Bizup as a more functional alternative to the traditional primary/secondary classification, BEAM stands for Background, Exhibit, Argument, and Method. . Mike wilkins

beam sources

This translates into well over 1000 hours of beam production time. The lifetime of a cathode is highly dependent on the sputter rates. However, the source is designed to allow the change of a cathode without turning the source off. In Pelletron® systems, it is common to change a cathode within 10 minutes from beam on target to beam on target.This guide is modified from: 1- UC Merced Library, Source Functions: Background, Exhibits, Argument, Method (BEAM); 2- River Campus Libraries, LibGuides, BEAM Method for note-taking and using scholarly sources; 3- Hunter College Libraries, HOW TO USE A SOURCE: THE BEAM METHOD; and 4- Columbia College, Designing …Brightness: The lower work function of a CeB6 filament results in higher beam currents at lower cathode temperatures than Tungsten, which means greater brightness at all acceleration voltages. Specifically, a CeB6 cathode provides 10 times the brightness compared to Tungsten. This gives the CeB6 source two advantages over a Tungsten …May 28, 2020 · High-current pulsed electron beam sources are the core components of high-power microwave systems. In order to meet the requirements of future applications, one needs to improve the performance of ... Includes primary sources in history, data in the social sciences, results of original scientific experiments in health and natural sciences, and texts or cultural artifacts in literature and media studies. Argument. Affirm, dispute, refine, extend; Sources that interpret exhibit sources and make arguments about what their evidence demonstrates.Giant negative ion sources for neutral beam injectors deliver huge negative ion currents, thanks to their multi-beamlet configuration. As the single-beamlet optics defines the transmission losses along the beamline, the extraction of a similar current for all beamlets is extremely desirable, in order to facilitate the beam source operation (i.e., …Electron Beam Sources. Single Pocket Sources. Model 218 E-Beam Source. Model 259 E-Beam Source. Telemark offers single pocket e-beam sources from 1.5cc to 160cc. Telemark single pocket source offerings include High Vacuum (10-7 torr) and Ultra High Vacuum (10-11 torr) models. Installation kits and source shutters can be supplied.Any source that has NumberOfHIstoriesInRun greater than zero will contribute primary particles. The beam is emitted along the Z axis of the beam’s Component and may have some spread along the X and Y axes. For Type = "Beam", the beam shape can be further described by a set of parameters that control the position distribution of the start of ...Telemark ion beam sources have been designed to provide superior Gridless End-Hall ion beam source performance across large and small substrates. Telemark technology offers low pressure operation (10^-5 mbar) for longer mean free path and higher ion energies than traditional End Hall sources. The source design is extremely low maintenance with ...BEAM: A Solution That Might Shine. This table, created from the ideas developed by Joseph Bizup, describes the roles that sources can play (some of the ways they can be used) in your finished assignment, such as a research paper. Bizup called his model BEAM, an acronym that stands for background, exhibits (or evidence), argument, and method.The new “Iron Beam” wasn’t supposed to be in service for at least a couple more years. But in the wake of the ongoing conflict, sources say it could be thrust right into the middle of the war. “The Iron Beam can work in conjunction with the Iron Dome,” Kenneth Gray, a senior lecturer at the University of New Haven, said.Production Multi-Pocket Sources. Telemark offers the largest selection of multi-pocket electron beam sources on the market. Pocket sizes from 2cc to 100cc are available. Vacuum compatibility selections from 10 -7 torr to 10 -9 torr offer customers a one stop shop for all your multi-pocket source needs. Utilizing 270⁰ beam deflection, the ... Includes primary sources in history, data in the social sciences, results of original scientific experiments in health and natural sciences, and texts or cultural artifacts in literature and media studies. Argument. Affirm, dispute, refine, extend; Sources that interpret exhibit sources and make arguments about what their evidence demonstrates.An analytical review of the stages of development and state-of-the-art of ion-beam sources, which are based on room-temperature ionic liquids for aerospace and ion-beam technologies, is presented..

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